Mapa conceptual de baruch spinoza biography

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    Baruch Spinoza
    by
    Daniel B. Schwartz
    • LAST REVIEWED: 20 December 2023
    • LAST MODIFIED: 27 March 2019
    • DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199840731-0054

  • Chalier, Catherine. Spinoza lecteur de Maïmonide: La Question théologico-politique. Paris: Éditions de Cerf, 2005.

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    The first book-length study of Spinoza’s relationship to Maimonides (or any previous Jewish thinker), focused primarily on the critique of Maimonides in the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus. Sensitive to parallels between the two thinkers belied by the stridency of Spinoza’s polemic, but there is much stronger emphasis on contrast here—especially in their view of the relationship between Scripture and philosophy—than we find in Pines, Harvey, or Fraenkel.

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  • Fraenkel, Carlos. “Maimonides’ God and Spinoza’s Deus sive Natura.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 44 (2006): 169–215.

    DOI: 10.1353/

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    Baruch Spinoza

    "Spinoza" redirects here. For other uses, see filosof (disambiguation).

    Baruch Spinoza

    Born(1632-11-24)24 November 1632

    Amsterdam, Dutch Republic

    Died21 February 1677(1677-02-21) (aged 44)

    The Hague, Dutch Republic

    ResidenceNetherlands
    EducationTalmud Torah of Amsterdam
    (withdrew)
    University of Leiden
    (no degree)[3]
    Era17th-century philosophy
    RegionWestern philosophy
    SchoolRationalism
    Spinozism
    Foundationalism[4]
    Conceptualism[5]
    Direct realism[6]
    Correspondence theory of truth[7]

    Main interests

    		Ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, Hebrew grammar

    Notable ideas

    		Pantheism, determinism, neutral monism, psychophysical parallelism, intellectual and religious freedom, separation of church and state, criticism of Mosaic authorship of some books of the Hebrew Bible, political society as derived from power (not contract), affect, natura naturans/natura na

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    Spinoza had a vast mind the size of Central Park and Hyde Park put together. I have always thought in my imagination how nice it would be to have permission to just amble around Spinoza's vast mental space.

    Baruch Spinoza was born on November 24, 1632, in Amsterdam. His parents and grandparents were Portuguese Jews who, because of intolerance and antisemitism, emigrated to Amsterdam and converted to Christianity. He learned Hebrew, paleo-Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Latin, and to some degree Arabic. He was a polyglot and a polymath.

    Spinoza became known in the Jewish community for positions contrary to prevailing Jewish belief of the period, wherein he harbored critical positions, and thus the seed of his Cherem (excommunication; etymology: Arabic/Aramaic Haram, forbidden as opposed to Halal, permitted) were sewn. He was not a Muslim, but behaved like a Sufi i

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